How to reset PRAM/NVRAM on Intel Macs

Complete guide with multiple methods and troubleshooting.

7-10 min read
Expert Verified
Last Updated: August 2025

Quick Answer

To reset the PRAM/NVRAM on Intel Macs, power off your Mac, then turn it on and immediately hold down the Command (⌘), Option, P, and R keys simultaneously for about 20 seconds. This process clears user settings from memory and restores certain security features that may have been altered.

Easy⏱ 7-10 min read

Prerequisites & Requirements

Before resetting PRAM/NVRAM, ensure you meet the following requirements:
  • •An Intel-based Mac (PRAM/NVRAM reset is not applicable for Apple Silicon Macs).
  • •macOS version 10.0 or later.
  • •Basic knowledge of using keyboard shortcuts.
  • •Backup important data using Time Machine or another backup solution.

Method 1: Using Keyboard Shortcut

This is the primary method for resetting PRAM/NVRAM and is suitable for most users.
  • •Step 1: Shut down your Mac completely. You can do this by clicking the Apple menu () in the top left corner and selecting 'Shut Down...'.
  • •Step 2: Turn on your Mac and immediately press and hold the Command (⌘), Option, P, and R keys together. Keep holding them down until you hear the startup sound a second time or see the Apple logo appear and disappear twice.
  • •Step 3: Release the keys and allow your Mac to boot up normally. You can verify the reset by checking if your settings (like display resolution or sound volume) have reverted to default.
  • •Step 4: If your Mac does not boot properly or the issue persists, repeat the process or try the alternative method below.

For macOS Ventura (13) and later

The process remains the same, but ensure your Mac is updated to the latest version for optimal performance.
  • •Check for updates by clicking the Apple menu () > 'System Preferences' > 'Software Update'.

For macOS Monterey (12) and earlier

No significant changes in the reset process, but ensure you have the latest updates installed.
  • •Follow the same steps as outlined above for resetting PRAM/NVRAM.

Method 2: Using Terminal Command (Advanced Users)

This method is for advanced users who prefer using Terminal to reset NVRAM.
  • •Step 1: Open Terminal by navigating to Applications > Utilities > Terminal.
  • •Step 2: Type the command 'sudo nvram -c' and press Enter. You will be prompted to enter your administrator password.
  • •Step 3: Once the command executes successfully, restart your Mac to apply the changes.
  • •Step 4: Verify if the settings have reverted to default and if the issue is resolved.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

If you encounter problems during the reset process, consider the following solutions:
  • •Error: 'No response from keyboard' - Solution: Ensure your keyboard is connected properly. If using a wireless keyboard, make sure it is charged and connected.
  • •Issue: 'Mac does not boot after reset' - Fix: Try resetting the SMC (System Management Controller) as well. Shut down your Mac, then press and hold Shift + Control + Option + Power button for 10 seconds.
  • •Problem: 'Settings did not revert' - Workaround: Manually adjust settings in System Preferences after the reset.

Advanced Tips & Shortcuts

For power users, here are some additional tips and shortcuts:
  • •Keyboard shortcut: Command (⌘) + Space - Opens Spotlight Search for quick access to applications.
  • •Command line: 'diskutil verifyVolume /' - Checks the integrity of your startup disk.
  • •Hidden feature: 'Recovery Mode' - Access by holding Command (⌘) + R during startup for advanced troubleshooting options.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these common pitfalls:

Expert Tips

For best results, combine PRAM/NVRAM reset with SMC reset for comprehensive troubleshooting.